Jumat, 01 Februari 2013

Vocabulary



Go grocery shopping : pergi belanja (di toko grosir)
Do the housework : melakukan aktifitas rumah
Do the washing :mencuci pakaian
Hang the clothes out : menjemur pakaian
Go to church : pergi ke gereja
Fight with the neighbor : bertengkar dengan tetangga
Stay at home : tetap di rumah
Go out with friends :pergi bersama teman-teman
Call one's parents :menelepon orangtua
Water the garden : menyiram kebun
Wash the car :mencuci mobil
Argue with one's partner :berdebat dengan rekan kerja
Seek vengeance :balas dendam
Shine one's shoes : menyemir sepatu
Hire a movie :menyewa film
Illegally download music and films : mengunduh musik dan film secara ilegal
Synchronize one's iPod :Mensikronisasikan iPod
Go to the mall : pergi ke Mall
Recharge one's travel card : mengisi tiket perjalanan
Argue with a bus driver :berurusan dengan supir bis
Recharge one's cell phone : mengisi pulsa

Contoh Teks Weekly Activities (Aktifitas / Kegiatan Mingguan)

What are some weekly activities that you do?


I go grocery shopping once a week at the local supermarket.  My family does the housework together every Saturday morning. I usually do the washing on Sunday morning and when the machine is finished I hang the clothes out to dry.

On Sunday morning we go to church, and if there is lots of noise coming from next door, sometimes we fight with the neighbour.

On Saturday night my parents stay at home and I go out with friends.
Even my friends that live at home call their parents each week.

Every evening, I water the garden.

I usually pay someone to wash the car, but my partner says I should do it, so sometimes I argue with my partner about that.

If we are angry at the neighbour, we seek vengeance by annoying his dogs. 

I work in an important office, so I have to shine my shoes each day.

Sometimes we hire a movie, because we don't like to illegally download music and films. I make sure that I synchronise my iPod so I always have new music on it.

To get our shopping, we go to the mall in the car.

Last week I forgot to recharge my travel card, and I had to argue with a bus driver. I couldn't call the office because I forgot to recharge my cellphone!

"Vocabulary"


go to work : pergi bekerja
drive to work : mengendarai (mobil) ke tempat kerja
check one's email : memeriksa email (surat elektronik)
reply : menjawab
take a taxi : naik taksi
take a train : naik kereta api
lunch meeting : pertemuan di siang hari
take the bus : naik bis
work on the computer : "komputeran"
morning tea : waktu istirahat pagi (untuk sekedar minum kopi.)
have lunch : makan siang
afternoon tea : waktu istirahat sore
file one's paper : menyimpan arsip
organize one's files : menata arsip-arsip
make telephone calls : menelepon
organize a meeting : mengatur pertemuan
report to one's boss : melaporkan pada pimpinan
write a document : menulis dokumen

Contoh Teks Daily Activities (Kegiatan Sehari-hari di Tempat Kerja)

What are some daily activities that you do at work?


I go to work at 8.45am every morning. I usually drive to work. I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them immediately.  I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too slow. When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea. At 1pm most days I have lunch. At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.

When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you to file your papers, and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files. When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my secretary to organise a meeting. Once a month I report to my boss, but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I usually write a document that my boss can read.

"VOCAB"

Vocabulary :

Wake up : bangun tidur
Press the snooze botton: tekan tombol snooze (tidur sebentar)
Turn off the alarm : mematikan alarm
Get up : bangun (dari tempat tidur)
Have a cup of coffee : menikmati kopi
Make breakfast : membuat sarapan pagi
Read the newspaper : membaca koran
Have breakfast : sarapan pagi
Have a shower : mandi
Get dressed : berpakaian
Brush one's hair : keramas
Comb one's hair : menyisir rambut
Brush one's teeth : menggosok gigi
Put make-up on : berias, dandan
Go home : pulang
Cook dinner : memasak makan malam
Make dinner : makan malam
Do one's homework : mengerjakan PR
Watch Television : menonton TV
Watch the News : nonton berita
Take the rubbish out : membuang sampah
Wash the dishes : mencuci piring (kotor)
Feed the dog and cat : memberi makan anjing dan kucing
Go to bed : (Siap-siap) tidur
Go to the bathroom : Pergi ke kamar mandi
Take one's medication : Minum obat
Get into one's pyjamas : memakai baju tidur
Set the alarm : mengatur waktu alarm
Lock the door : mengunci pintu
Turn off the lights : mematikan lampu

Contoh Teks Daily Activities (kegiatan sehari-hari di rumah)

What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?

(Apa kegiatan sehari-hari yang sering anda lakukan di rumah?)
 
I wake up at 7am every morning.  I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get up. I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a shower before I get dressed.  My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair.

It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on.   After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner. The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.
After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I watch television.  On television I usually watch the News. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the rubbish out, or wash the dishes.  Our children feed the dog and the cat before they go to bed and I tell them to go to the bathroom too. If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the alarm so I wake up in the morning. The last things I do is lock the door, turn off the lights, and go to bed.

Selasa, 29 Januari 2013

16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris Beserta Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat

Hari ini saya akan sharing materi yang saya pelajari untuk matkul, saya juga terimakasih kepada sumbernya ntah blog siapa saya lupa mencatatnya hehehe,,, maaf kalau artikelnya kurang lengkap atau salah ya, disimak aja yang butuh materi ini silahkan diambil.

 
 
 A. Simple Present Tenses
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.
Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.
Rumus:
+) Subject + to be + verb I + Main verb
+) Subject + verbI +(s/es)
Contoh :
* he is handsome
(dia tampan)
* is he handsome?
(apakah dia tampan?)
* he is not handsome
(dia tidak tampan)
Simple Present Tense dipakai ketika:
• Kejadiannya bersifat umum, atau
• Terjadi sepanjang waktu, atau kebiasaan di masa lampau, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang, atau
• Kejadiannya tidak hanya terjadi sekarang, atau
• Bersifat kebenaran umum, yang orang lain tidak dapat menyangkal lagi akan kebenarannya.

B. Present Continuous Tense
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses.
Rumus:
subject + to be (is, am, are) + kata kerja + ing

Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:
• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau
• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan dating
Contoh :
+) She is cooking in the kitchen.
(dia sedang memasak di dapur)
-) She is not cooking in the kitchen
(dia tidak sedang memasak di dapur)
?) is she cooking in the kitchen?
(Apakah dia sedang memasak di dapur?)
C. Present Perfect Tense
Rumus:
subject + have + past participle (Kata Kerja Bentuk ke-3)
Tense ini digunakan untuk:
• Pengalaman
• Perubahan
• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan
Atau untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai)
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:
+) they have met me
(mereka sudah menemui saya)
?) have they met me?
(apakah mereka sudah menemui saya?
-) they have not met me
( mereka belum menemui saya)
D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk menjelaskan:
• Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung
• Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi)
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:
+) They have been playing football
(Mereka telah sedang bermain sepakbola)
-) They have not been playing football
(merka telah tidak sedang bermain sepakbola)
?) have they been playing football?
( Apakah merka telah sedang bermain sepakbola?)
E. Simple Past Tense
Rumus Kalimat Positif:
subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 2
Rumus Kalimat Negatif :
subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1
Rumus Kalimat Tanya:
Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1
Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).
Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense?
Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:
+) They were student last year
(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)
-) they were not student last year
(mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu)
?) were they student last year?
(apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?)
F. Past Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan kita menggunakan Tense ini?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh:
+)We were joking.
-) We were not joking
?) Were we joking?
G. Past Perfect Tense
Rumus:
had + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 3
Kapan kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense?
Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau.
Perhatikan:
+) I had listen the radio when you come here
(aku sudah mendengar radio sebelum kamu datang
H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + had + been + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
Tense ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi.
Perhatikan:
She had been helping me when they went to scool
(dia telah sedang membantu saya ketika mereka telah pergi ke sekolah)
I. Simple Future Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I
Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?
a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang
contoh :
• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.

b. Prediksi
Contoh:
• It will rain tomorrow.
KALIMAT NON-VERBAL
Ketika predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
• I‘ll be in London tomorrow.
Catatan:
Ketika kita mempunyai rencana atau keinginan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan di masa yang akan datang, maka gunakan be going to atau Present Continuous Tense untuk menggantikan will/shall.
J. Future Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL + BE + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan kita menggunakan Future Continuous Tense?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Contoh:
He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow
(dia akan sedang mengajar saya pada jam delapan besok)

K. Future Perfect Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3
Kapan Kita Menggunakan Future Perfect Tense?
Tense ini kita pakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi.
Contoh:
They will be tired when they arrive.
(mereka akan telah lelah ketika mereka datang)
L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing
Kapan kita memakai Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang suatu tindakan/kegiatan yang panjang sebelum beberapa saat di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
• He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours.
M. Past Future Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja Bentuk I
Contoh :
She would not be at school tomorrow.
(Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok)
N. Past Future Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + BE + Kata Kerja + ing
Contoh:
We would be having dinner at home yesterday.
(kita akan sedang makan malam di rumah kemarin)
O. Past Future Perfect Tense
untuk menyatakan suatu prbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3
Contoh:
she would have be finished to studied if he had not been lazy
(dia akan sudah tamat belajar jika dia tidak malas)
P. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau
Rumus:
Subject + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing
Contoh:
We would have been waiting long.
(kita akan sudah sedang menunggu lama)
KESIMPULAN
Rumus Umum Tense adalah sbb:
No Tenses Rumus
1 Present Simple Tense S + V1 + dll
2 Present Continuous Tense S + is, am, are + V-ing + dll
3 Present Perfect Tense S + have,has + V3 + dll
4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + have, has + been + V-ing + dll
5 Past Simple Tense S + V2 + dll
6 Past Continuous Tense S + was, were + V-ing + dll
7 Past Perfect Tense S + had + V3 + dll
8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + had + been + V-ing + dll
9 Future Simple Tense S + will + V1 + dll
10 Future Continuous Tense S + will + be + V-ing + dll
11 Future Perfect Tense S + will + have + V3 + dll
12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + will + have + been + V-ing + dll
13 Past Future Simple Tense S + would + V1 + dll
14 Past Future Continuous Tense S + would + be + V-ing + dll
15 Past Future Perfect Tense S + would + have + V3 + dll
16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing + dll




Business Letter



Business Letters in English
Business letters are formal paper communications between, to or from businesses and usually sent through the Post Office or sometimes by courier. Business letters are sometimes called "snail-mail" (in contrast to email which is faster). This lesson concentrates on business letters but also looks at other business correspondence. It includes:
1.       letter
2.       memo
3.       fax
4.       email
Who writes Business Letters?
Most people who have an occupation have to write business letters. Some write many letters each day and others only write a few letters over the course of a career. Business people also read letters on a daily basis. Letters are written from a person/group, known as the sender to a person/group, known in business as the recipient. Here are some examples of senders and recipients:
  1. business «» business
  2.  business «» consumer
  3. job applicant «» company
  4. citizen «» government official
  5. employer «» employee
  6. staff member «» staff member


Why write Business Letters?
There are many reasons why you may need to write business letters or other correspondence:
·         to persuade
·         to inform
·         to request
·         to express thanks
·         to remind
·         to recommend
·         to apologize
·         to congratulate
·         to reject a proposal or offer
·         to introduce a person or policy
·         to invite or welcome
·         to follow up
·         to formalize decisions
Read through the following pages to learn more about the different types of business letters, and how to write them. You will learn about formatting, planning, and writing letters, as well as how to spot your own errors. These pages are designed to help you write business letters and correspondence, but they will also help you learn to read, and therefore respond to, the letters you receive. You will also find samples that you can use and alter for your own needs.
Business Letter Vocabulary attachment extra document or image that is added to an email
·         block format     :  most common business letter format, single spaced, all paragraphs begin at the left
                                margin
·         body                 : the content of the letter; between the salutation and signature
·         bullets               : small dark dots used to set off items in an unnumbered list
·         certified mail     :  important letters that sender pays extra postage for in order to receive a notice of
                                receipt
·         coherent           :  logical; easy to understand
·         concise             :  gets to the point quickly
·         confidential        : personal private
·         diplomacy, diplomatic :  demonstrating consideration and kindness
·         direct mail, junk mail :    marketing letters addressed to a large audience
·         double space     : format where one blank line is left between lines of text
·         enclosure           : extra document or image included with a letter
·         formal   uses set formatting and business language, opposite of casual
·         format  the set up or organization of a document
·         heading a word or phrase that indicates what the text below will be about
·         indent                extra spaces (usually 5) at the beginning of a paragraph
·         informal             :  casual
·         inside address    :  recipient's mailing information
·         Justified margins :  straight and even text, always begins at the same place
·         Letter head        :  specialized paper with a (company) logo or name printed at the top
·         logo                   :  symbol or image that identifies a specific organization
·         margin               :   a blank space that borders the edge of the text
·         memorandum (memo) : document sent within a company (internal), presented in short form
·         modified block format : left justified as block format, but date and closing are centered
·         on arrival notation       : notice to recipient that appears on an envelope (e.g. "confidential")
·         post age the cost of sending a letter through the Post Office
·         proof  read       : read through a finished document to check for mistakes
·         punctuation       : marks used within or after sentences and phrases (e.g. periods, commas)
·         reader-friendly  : easy to read
·         recipient            : the person who receives the letter
·         right ragged       : format in which text on the right side of the document ends at slightly different points
                                 (not justified)
·         salutation           : greeting in a letter (e.g. "Dear Mr Jones")
·         sensitive information     : content in a letter that may cause the receiver to feel upset
·         semi-block format paragraphs are indented, not left-justified
·         sincerely :  term used before a name when formally closing a letter
·         single spaced :   format where no blanks lines are left in-between lines of text
·         spacingblank : area between words or lines of text
·         tone      :  the feeling of the language (e.g. serious, enthusiastic)
·         transitions :  words or phrases used to make a letter flow naturally (e.g. "furthermore", "on the other
      hand")

Business Letter Vocabulary Quiz1            
1.       Before you seal and send your letter, make sure to it.   
2.       As soon as your certified letter reaches the you will be notified.               
3.       Choose if you want to put the date and closing in the center of the page.            
4.       Set off the list of "Do's and Don'ts" by using .
5.       The envelope indicated that there was , but in fact there was only a letter inside.            
6.       The of the first paragraph was optimistic, so I wasn't expecting the bad news in the middle.
7.       I decided not to interview her, because her cover letter contained very poor
8.       The about the meeting was posted on the bulletin board for everyone to read.
9.       Our address and phone number are shown on our .
10.   In block text format, you do not each paragraph.         
    
Business Letter Formats
There are certain standards for formatting a business letter, though some variations are acceptable (for example between European and North American business letters). Here are some basic guidelines:
·         Use A4 (European) or 8.5 x 11 inch (North American) paper or letterhead
·         Use 2.5 cm or 1 inch margins on all four sides
·         Use a simple font such as Times New Roman or Arial
·         Use 10 to 12 point font
·         Use a comma after the salutation (Dear Mr Bond,)
·         Lay out the letter so that it fits the paper appropriately
·         Single space within paragraphs
·         Double space between paragraphs
·         Double space between last sentence and closing (Sincerely, Best wishes)
·         Leave three to fives spaces for a handwritten signature
·         cc: (meaning "copies to") comes after the typed name (if necessary)
·         enc: (meaning "enclosure") comes next (if necessary)
·         Fold in three (horizontally) before placing in the envelope
·         Use right ragged formatting (not justified on right side)
·         Formatting Business Letters
Block format is the most common format used in business today. With this format, nothing is centred. The sender's address, the recipient's address, the date and all new paragraphs begin at the left margin, like this:Wicked Wax Co. Ltd